Latin America and the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin America and the World - Essay Example Urban development and immigration were at the increase due to the rise of agriculture and business development. Consequently, there was the emergence of the urban classes which opted to merge with the political movement (Leopoldo 102). In water for chocolate, the author starts in Mexico City where, the person named Tita introduces herself. It is the story of an active girl who had just celebrated her 15th birthday, to the occasion of her life when she was at the age of 39. In the foremost chapter, the author demonstrates the necessity of responsibility and responsibility, as it was the first contention that Tita faced. Tita was at a problem as her family required her to reject Pedro’s marriage proposal, since they required her to stay put in the house so that she could take care of her widowed mother always (Laura 76). This was like permission specified to her by the culture, which anticipated her to complete the duty of helping for her widowed mother. The issue of gender based unfairness portrayed in the Latin society in that century, as Tita’s mother denied her freedom to marry the man she always loved, Pedro. Another instance of gender inequality arises as we see Esperanza denied the opportunity t o join Alex brown, by her mother as she claims that institution must be followed to the latter. This harsh rule by Tita’s mother makes her start a secret love with Pedro since she knew that bearing children would be of support to her marriage in the prospect life, given that they would also cater for her as she grows older (Laura 2010). For now, in the house of the spirit, the author introduces Clara as a young girl, who at that time, was writing about her pet in her journal, which was enormous hound. The Del Valle families’ gathers at the church as they listen to the priest, who turns out to be over fervent in his discourse as he later curses Clara citing that the demons infatuated her.

Explain Anselms Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

Explain Anselms Ontological Argument Essay Anselm wanted to prove the existence of God, so he proposed the ontological argument. The ontological argument is deductive, and uses a priori reasoning. This means that it starts with a statement that is known to be true solely through definition (God is the greatest conceivable being) and develops the implications of this statement in order to reach a reasonable conclusion. The deductive reasoning allows him to simply showing what the definition means. Hence, Anselm states that God exists in the mind, even the mind of those who deny His existence. However he points out that it is greater to exist in reality and in the mind than in the mind alone. Take for example; a pile of notes worth  £1000. If it exists in the mind it is merely a pleasant thought, however, if it exists in reality it can be spent and is greater. Since God is the greatest conceivable being, He must exist in reality and in the mind, because to think otherwise involves contradiction of the theory, which you agree with. Anselm also says that God could possibly be a contingent God, who is dependent on something else for existence. If this was true God would not be worthy of worship and would not be the greatest conceivable being. A necessary God, one whose non existence is impossible, is greater than a contingent God whose non existence is possible. God has no creator, so to have to have someone else to depend on for existence, means they are not God. Therefore, we must accept that god is also necessary, as well as existant in reality, because to think otherwise involves a contradiction. The reason for people being able to deny the existence of God is due to them knowing the definition of the word God, not the existence of God.

Fallacy Summary and Application Essay -- essays research papers

Abstract An argument is fallacious when it contains one or more logical fallacies. A logical fallacy is an argument that contains a mistake in reasoning (2002). When using critical thinking to make decisions, an individual or group needs to be aware of logical fallacies and how they relate to decision-making. Logical fallacies can be used to manipulate a situation and if a person or group does not recognize logical fallacies, the person or group can be manipulated during the decision-making process. This paper will discuss three common logical fallacies and how they can be used in the decision-making process between management and subordinates in a business setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Management Guru website states that, in logic, a fallacy is more than a mistaken belief; it is a flaw in the argument. Fallacies can be created intentionally because a person has an agenda or can be created by simple error. Because a fallacy is not a sound argument, critical thinking requires that we be cautious of arguments that attempt to persuade us to an action or belief that intuitively is uncomfortable (www.mgmtguru.com). At a small local company when the problem of excessive use of Internet access on company servers arose, managers and their subordinates used fallacious arguments to express their concerns during the problem solving and decision-making process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During a discussion group meeting that wa...

Nursing Image

Common perspective sees nurses as ‘secondary’ profession in the medical treatment environment. However, the public is often unaware of the significance of the profession toward daily activities of the medical system. Recent articles and researches revealed increasing roles of nurses. An article by Patricia Foster and J.M Whitworth, for example, revealed the importance of nursing profession in telemedicine and care for child abuse. Advances of communication technology have created a system that enables trained nurses to play a significant role in the psychological investigation of abused children (Foster & Whitworth, 2005). Another study suggested that nurses are also playing a significant part in the issue of medical waste. The International Council for Nurses has agreed to socialize a new standard that encourage nursing organization to educate nurses in terms of medical waste awareness (â€Å"Medical Waste,† 2005). Despite being seen as secondary role, the profession is still ‘positively valued’ by most aspects of the society. General image of a nurse is still largely positive as seen in several popular Hollywood motion pictures. As movies is in fact, the quickest way to determine a society’s perspective toward a certain character or profession, it is reasonable to use popular movies in order to assess the present image of nurses and their roles in common medical treatment process. Within this short elaboration, we will assess the image and roles of nurses, from the movie, Pearl Harbor. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment Within the movie, Pearl Harbor, the nurses are seen as one of the mail roles. Their presence is shown from the beginning of the movie, but their active roles are presented in a special segment of the movie, showing dramatic scenes. The movie displays that the nurse profession requires professionalism and intelligence as well as mental strength in certain times and conditions. There were times that the nurses need to perform unorthodox treatment method in order to cope with the suppressing conditions. As shown in the motion picture, adaptation and creativity to face unexpected circumstances are necessary to provide the best care for patients. Sometimes, they work together with non-medical personnel because the lack of sufficient number of available nurses. Within the special segment of the movie, the nurses are shown to assume control of the situation. This is logical due to the emergence of the event that took place. However, they kept their places under orders from the doctors, to preserve medical order and good coordination between the medical personnel. The doctors are shown to have more authority and do most of the talking. Nevertheless there are circumstances where young and inexperienced doctor require experienced nurses to guide and support them. In the absence of available doctors, the nurses are shown to take charge of the medical treatment process. Nurses are shown to be in various age in the movie. However, there is no significant scene that presents the image of nurses are men. Most (or all) of the nurse characters are female. There is a strong image that nurses are commonly female, single and physically attractive. This image is shown in the beginning of the movie. However, feminist should not be alarmed, because as the movie proceed to the dramatic scenes, the nurses are shown to be women of character that inspire the value of humanism and passionate to provide service toward others. I have also captured the difference of values between nurses and other profession within the movie. Soldiers are shown to be a lot more aggressive, dominant and careless compare to nurses. These images are perhaps reasonable because their profession demands them to be bold and somewhat careless. The nurses on the other hand, are shown to be careful, organized, highly stable, non-violence human beings that dedicate their lives to the care of others, instead of creating any form of harm. The profession of nurses could be identified with intelligent and confident characters, but hardly ever ambitious. The nurses in this motion picture are shown to help manage the medical treatment process. Some nurses are shown to be capable, despite their lack of experience in handling such circumstances. Some others ‘crack’ under pressure, which is -under the circumstances-, understandable. The nurses are shown to support each other medically as well as mentally. In one of the scenes, the movie even displayed that a nurse is trusted by the head doctor to choose between those salvageable and those cannot be saved. I am not sure about the possibility of this event to take place in real life, but the scene does display the significant role of nurses in medical emergency. Reference Foster, Patricia., & Whitworth, J M. (2005). The Role of Nurses in Telemedicine and Child Abuse. Retrieved September 26, 2005 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/506916?rss Medical Waste: Role of Nurses and Nursing. n.d. Retrieved September 26, 2005 from http://www.icn.ch/psmedwaste.htm Nursing Image A memorable and attractive nurse image is found in the movie â€Å"The English Patient† in the face of Hana, a young French-Canadian nurse skillfully played by Juliette Binoche. Hana is one of the central images of the plot, appearing in ‘present’ part of the film that intersperses present with reminiscences of the past. She does an exceptional job tending to the ‘English patient’ who is surviving only thanks to her determination, perseverance and commitment. She both performs her professional duties towards the patient and develops a personal attitude towards the mutilated man left in her care. Hana seems to be in love with her patient who is far from sexually attractive with his maimed body, perhaps as extrapolation of her caring attitude towards him. Hana is put in a difficult situation, tending to the patient all alone at the time of the war. Her experience shows that a nurse’s job can at times be extremely challenging as nurses have to follow their patients through the most difficult of times and deliver care equally in the time of peace and war. Hana’s job involves many things – she delivers professional care to the patient, washing his wounds and giving him morphine, reads aloud to him, but also fixes the villa and does the gardening. Hana is left alone with her patient – there are no other medical professionals in the vicinity, and she is the sole decision-maker in her professional actions, which underscores the importance of her nursing role. Hana is a really likeable character, mainly because of her personal character and her determination to patient care. She is only twenty when the war starts and makes her mature in the shortest possible time. She is so determined to her work that she cuts her hair after three days in the war and pledges to skip looking in the mirror until it ends. This shows how much her nursing means to her as she is ready to get rid of what made her feminine attraction to be able to deliver quality care to her patients. However, Hana is not devoid of natural women’s desires: she gets attracted to men, exemplified in her relations with Kip, who later becomes her lover, and the English patient himself who she admires secretly as a man who suffered his wounds in the cruel and heroic warfare. Hana’s relationship with the English patient is a complex cobweb of professional commitment and the burgeoning love of the young woman for a man she sees as ideal. Hana is young and attractive, and the viewer takes her infatuation with men as a natural order of things, because it does not seem to interfere with her professionalism. Thus, Hana demonstrates the values of service to others and humanism, since she does not limit her care to professional interactions, but is ready to take the patient as a human being. She maintains his belief in the favorable outcome of the treatment and makes him feel that he should make an effort to survive, since it is personally important to her. There is not much in the movie to depict Hana’s understanding of scholarship or achievement, though. Maybe the reason is that Hana just happened to become a nurse because she wanted to make a contribution to her nation in the time of the war and does not see her future as connected with nursing career. Rather, Hana attends to her duties with a Christian attitude that intertwines the requirements of the nursing profession with the religious beliefs. She talks of her patient as a saint and compares his bones to those of Christ. This religious background clearly serves as an important motivator for Hana, inspiring her in her nursing activities. Hana wins recognition with the surrounding people thanks to her role in providing care. Eventually, she succeeds in building a little world around herself that unites the thief Caravaggio, the English patient, the Indian ‘sapper’ Kip, and herself. All these people find consolation in their association with a lovable woman who also has a caring and affectionate character. Hana wins the affection of the viewer, too, by being thoroughly professional and at the same time deeply humane. Bibliography The English Patient. Dir. Anthony Minghella. 1996.

Politics/Amendment Essay

A written overview of the amendment in question. What does it say specifically?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides, â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence† (Sixth Amendment, U.S. Constitution). The rights enumerated under this amendment refer to the codified rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. Generally the Bill of Rights was incorporated in the Constitution on account of the belief that it was necessary to limit the investigatory and prosecutorial powers of the federal government (Oxford Companion, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rights of the accused in criminal prosecution are: â€Å"1) right to a speedy trial; 2) right to a public trial; 3) right to a trial by jury; 4) notice of the accusation; (5) right to confront the opposing witnesses; 6) right to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses; and (7) the assistance of counsel or right to counsel† (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to a speedy trial prevents oppressive incarceration before trial and ensures defense by the accused of his cause. The right to a public trial acts as a safeguard against abuse of judicial power. Moreover, it also assures the accused that he is informed of the charges against him. This is part of due process (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to confront opposing witnesses refers to the right of the accused to cross examine said witnesses. He is also entitled to subpoena witnesses in his behalf (Oxford Companion, 2005). Finally, the accused is also entitled to be represented by counsel or a lawyer. This shall be lengthily discussed in another section of this paper. When did it become part of the Constitution?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This amendment was ratified and adopted in the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution in 1791 (Oxford Companion, 2005). It was part of the first ten amendments included in the Constitution. The Bill of Rights was actually proposed by James Madison. The group known as Anti-Federalists threatened that if these rights were not included in the Constitution, their states will not ratify the new Constitution. They needed clear safeguards against the vast powers of government. After a compromise was agreed upon, the Constitution was ratified in 1789 but the Bill of Rights was incorporated later and went into effect after it was ratified on December 15, 1791 (National Archives web site, n.d.). 3. What cases have come before the Supreme Court in which this particular amendment was applied?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the ratification of the Sixth Amendment, two statutes were enacted which in effect accorded the assistance of counsel to those accused (USGPO web site, 2005). The Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed the defendant to plead his case in a federal court either personally or by counsel. On the other hand, the Act of 1790 allowed the defendant charged with treason or other capital crime to be defended by counsel which the court will assign to him (USGPO web site, 2005). Even with the ratification of the Sixth Amendment, the right to counsel has limited application. It was only in the 1930s that the Supreme Court developed and enlarged the scope of the Sixth Amendment by virtue of jurisprudence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of Powell v. Alabama, the Court set aside the convictions of eight youthful offenders since the trial was conducted in a hasty manner and the defendants were not assisted by counsel. The Court further ruled that there was denial of due process considering that the right to be heard is meaningless if it did not entail the right to be heard by counsel [287 U.S. 45 (1932)]. The Court succinctly explained that even if a man is intelligent and learned he may not be skilled in the science of law and may be indicted on an erroneous charge or be convicted based on incompetent evidence. More so, the defendants who are young, indigents, illiterates and are faced with an atmosphere of hostility away from their relatives [287 U.S. 45 (1932)]. Thus, it was stressed that it is imperative to be represented by counsel and it imposes a duty upon the Court, whether requested or not to appoint and assign a counsel otherwise, it becomes tantamount to a denial of due process [287 U.S. 45 (1932)]. In the case of Johnson v. Zerbst, the Court enunciated the absolute rule of appointing counsel for all federal criminal defendants. Moreover, it ruled that a waiver of such right must be clear and cannot be presumed from silence of the defendant [304 U.S. 458 (1938)].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of Betts v. Brady and Progeny, the Court ruled that â€Å"the appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right essential to a fair trial† [316 U.S. 455 (1942)]. It laid down the principle that the right to be represented by counsel is not necessary in state cases involving non capital offenses except in special circumstances. This ruling was held later on after criticisms, to apply only to the incompetents such as the illiterates and retardates or to grant relief in cases of judicial abuse of power [316 U.S. 455 (1942)].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Hamilton v. Alabama, the rule was in capital cases, the Court must appoint a counsel for the defendant even without proof that defendant may be prejudiced without such appointment or even if the defendant failed to request that one be appointed as his counsel [368 U.S. 52 (1961)].The â€Å"special circumstances rule† was held to apply only in non capital offenses [368 U.S. 52 (1961)].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the cases, Moore v. Michigan, 355 U.S. 155 (1957) and Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 350 (1963), the Court has laid down the three categories which may be deemed as prejudicial and thus, necessitating the appointment of counsel, namely: â€Å"(1) the personal characteristics of the defendant which made it unlikely he could obtain an adequate defense of his own, (2) the technical complexity of the charges or of possible defenses to the charges, and (3) events occurring at trial that raised problems of prejudice† (USGPO web site, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ruling of the Court in the Betts case was overturned in the landmark case of Gideon v. Wainwright.   The Court in abandoning the Betts reasoning held that the right to assistance of counsel is imperative, basic and fundamental and that the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the same be available and applicable in state courts. In 1972 this ruling was held to apply to misdemeanor and serious misdemeanor cases provided that it carried a penalty of imprisonment [Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972)]. Additionally, the Gideon ruling was also held to apply to youthful offenders in juvenile delinquency litigation in the case of   In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967). What, if any connection is there between this constitutional issue and education?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constitutional issue of the right to assistance of counsel is related to education. The study of law requires knowledge, skill and experience in trial proceedings. Even an educated and intelligent man who is not properly educated and trained in law is considered incompetent and unable to defend himself. Courts are created to punish and deprive the guilty of their liberties through imprisonment and other imposable penalties. Thus, it is imperative that if a person is charged with an offense in court he must be able to put a defense and be heard by a properly trained counsel. To deprive him of this would be tantamount to depriving him of due process and would render nugatory the basic tenets of the Bill of Rights. A person charged of an offense would need the expertise of a counsel so that he does not risk himself of being convicted even if he be innocent simply because he does not know how to establish his innocence. More so an uneducated man, a feeble minded person or an indigent. Consequently, it becomes the duty of the court to appoint counsel so that such person may not be denied due process.   References    Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972) Betts v. Brady and Progeny, 316 U.S. 455 (1942) Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 350 (1963) Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961) In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967). Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) Moore v. Michigan, 355 U.S. 155 (1957) National Archives and Records Administration web site. ‘Bill of rights.’ Retrieved on November 16, 2007, from http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/bill_of_rights.html Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press, 2005. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) U.S. Government Printing Office web site. ‘Sixth amendment: Rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions† 2002. Retrieved on November 16, 2007, from http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/024.pdf

Looking At The Developmenst Of Social Work Social Work Essays

Looking At The Developmenst Of Social Work Social Work Essays Looking At The Developmenst Of Social Work Social Work Essay Looking At The Developmenst Of Social Work Social Work Essay Social work has been socially constructed as a response to personal, cultural and structural crisis, marginalization and inequality, yet constrained by political, economic and social tendencies. Contemporary pattern has maintained and rejected certain features of its promotion, reacting and accommodating to alter. The profession s theoretical, ethical and structural foundations will be discussed and its values examined. Associating the profession s historical minutes and varied development to societal work s modern-day function, its current place and position, professionally and socially. As societies continue to germinate so must societal work to back uping them, staying antiphonal to those it serves. It is acknowledged that merely certain issues have been discussed ; those presented are non additive nor finite but many-sided and go oning. Industrialization created the mass urbanization of unskilled labor bring forthing societal and economic alteration. Concerns arose over the sustainability of poorness alleviation, prompted by the fright of dependence, societal upset and increasing birth rates. Poor wellness, corruption and marginalization within the working categories was emphasised by spiritual diminution and renferement, provoked moral terror within the higher categories, promoting societal alteration ( Payne, 2005 ) . Simultaneously, broad economic values, prioritizing economic growing and free trade, advancing individualistic values of freedom and duty, conflicted with unregulated province intercession, ( Healy, 2005 ) . The New Poor Law ( 1834 ) embodied the limitation and modernization of alleviation commissariats, implemented by workhouses, which enforced tough alleviation eligibility standards, coupled with harsh and oppressive conditions, actuating self -help in-line with lassize faire political orientation. Relief distinguished between the deserving and the unworthy hapless, those in true need through sick wellness, age or circumstance were treated good in comparing to, the work shy and lazy who exchanged labor for alleviation. The rule of caring developed in workhouses, establishments turned into suppliers of attention and their employees into paid societal work professionals ( Payne, 2005, pp. 330-35 ) . Within the hapless jurisprudence political orientation societal work evolved as a tool to specify the deserving, workhouses developed into specialised attention establishments whilst their financial construction underpinned province provided services. In add-on and contrast, philanthropic almsgiving was indiscriminate, supplying charitable alleviation analogue to the hapless Torahs. Philanthropy ran parallel to hapless jurisprudence alleviation, supported by spiritual morality, fright and responsibility, though manipulated to avoid workhouse conditions, ( Stedman-Jones, 1976 as cited in Harris, 2008 ) . The formation of the Charitable Organisation Society ( COS ) ( 1969 ) provided counsel and rules, foregrounding cognition as a footing to charitable action. The COS believed disorganized and unselective charity encouraged corruption, doing aˆÂ ¦the pauperization of the hapless, ( Payne, 2005 ) bring forthing impermanent alleviation and dependence. Perceiving, charity dignified the giver and enhanced the morality of the receiving system if deserving, yet, if unworthy provided encouragement to stay in poorness. To be beneficent, charity should help adequately i.e. so as to bring forth self assist in the receiver ( Horner, 2009, p. 22 ) . Within modern-day pattern, appraisals define eligibility ; resources are trade goods and the differentiation of demand i mportant to prosecute with services. The COS believed poorness was the accelerator of immorality, offense, bad fortunes and the beginning of physical and mental wellness impositions, impacting persons and society. Consequently, they associated the development of moral character , with the obliteration of poorness, locating regulated charity within the model of the province alleviation system. Guaranting a clear division between the Poor Law and private philanthropic gift was intended to let the former to run harshly and efficaciously ( Yeo, 1973 as cited in Harris 2008, p.665 ) . However, the values and moral principle of the COS, bestowed by the occupational values of its associates, shaped professional methods and patterns. Casework emerged within The Housing Movement aimed to better lodging conditions, helping adult females to budget and organise, achieved by friend sing , developed by Olivia Hill ( COS ) . Awarding support based on moral character, determine by appraisal, which recorded elaborate histories and maintained comprehensive records. Casework evolved, admiting the impact of household relationships, utilizing friendly sing to organize professional interpersonal relationships and later developing attention programs to react to appraisals, to boot supplying preparation. The COS influenced the foundations of pattern, developing values and determining modern-day societal work. Payne ( 2005 ) highlighted the importance of the colony motion in act uponing societal reform and surveillance. Toynbee Hall ( 1884 ) placed elect pupils within deprived vicinities exemplifying moral and educated behavior, societal teaching method, community and group work. Concentrating on external and environmental caus es of want, associating to wellness issues associated with poorness. However, political involvement in societal order and support demand, intend political influence emerged, emanating a degree of control which divided the emerging profession of societal work into attention and control functions. However, where charity did non develop and societal order was threatened the province stepped in, ( Payne, 2005 ) . Reamer 2005 ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) regarded this as the Morality Period , outstanding values were those of faith and individuality, from the COS s evangelical roots and pattern methods. Emerging societal work judged clients against alleviation, positions of morality and behavior justified their actions, yet influenced by political motive for societal reform ( Younghusband 1981 cited in Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) .These patterns and values moulded the profession of societal work to its inclusion with province proviso after WWII. In the twentieth century proviso remained unchanged and undisputed yet, poorness was identified as the catalyst/cause of diverse societal issues and as a response discourse evolved. The in agreement thesis was the obliteration of poorness that would take to the obliteration or at least the decrease -in the effects of societal ailments. ( Horner, 2009, p. 23 ) . The Royal Commission on the Poor Law ( 1905-9 ) considered opposing broad and socialist discourses refering public assistance provision. Two contrasting philosophical attacks to the job of poorness ( Vincent, 1984, p. 346 ) The COS maintained broad Victorian positions, backing hapless jurisprudence alleviation though necessitating reform and advancing single duty, whilst supplying parallel proviso for excluded groups. However, challenging province led intercessions that maintained poorness and created dependance. The COS proposal had similarities to New Labour s third manner , though, the opposing Fabians provided the fo oting of the labor party ( Horner, 2009 ) . Fabians represented the socialist in-between categories, backing the hapless jurisprudence permutation of public aid through province led services. They acknowledged the causes of poorness, suggesting the categorization of depravational differences, i.e. age, wellness and employment, which placed societal workers as hatchet mans of control, to the work shy and lazy. Fabian laminitis Beatrice Webb, ( cited in Vincent, 1984, p. 344 ) stated the COS were lassie faire individualists critical of all authorities extension . Social work developed from the COS patterns within the context and restraints of Fabian ideals, which reflected modern thoughts of poorness organizing the footing of the public assistance province. State public assistance, during WWII, intervened where charities failed to supply alleviation, ( Harris, 2008 ) , the station war depression highlighted probationary weaknesss and the demand for societal restructuring, renovation and stabilization , ( Payne, 2005, pp. 24-30 ) . The Beveridge Report ( 1942 ) developed province public assistance, highlighted social barriers in five societal immoralities ; sloth, ignorance, illness, sordidness and want ( Payne, 2005 ) . However, the response to the study produced socialist ideals and societal security proviso, the focal point of developments was in corporate societal commissariats such as societal security, wellness attention and cosmopolitan instruction ( Payne, 2005, pp. 41-46 ) . Labor gained electoral success in 1945 backing the recommendations in the formation of the NHS ( National Health Act 1946 ) and abolition of the hapless jurisprudence ( 1948 ) . However, in-between category agitation due to continued proviso of charitabl e alleviation meant that province public assistance besides served to forestall revolution. Simultaneously to welfare, societal work developed a specialized function. mediate the province and the person, defined by statute law and demand and supported by theory. Social work had strived for professional intent from its spiritual and theoretical beginnings, whilst associated subjects gained scientific legitimacy. Mary Richmond ( 1917 ) , a societal work pedagogue, enabled theoretical development utilizing sociological and economical positions, besides taking influences from the medical profession, critiqued subsequently by extremist societal work. ( Healy, 2005 ) Social work turned to psychological theories to derive insight into persons behavior, aˆÂ ¦shall seek to understand the individual in demand, non merely at that peculiar minute in clip, but besides the spouse of personality, the major experiences and relationshipsaˆÂ ¦ . ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009, pp. 206-11 ) . Correlating with the promotion of appraisal, which began to see a societal diagnosing , ( Richmond 1917 cited in Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery, A ; Cooper, 2008, pp.194-99 ) , supplying scientific proof that with casework united the profession. In 1930-60 ps ychodynamics wedged casework, constructs of usually and aberrance complemented the ethos of specifying moral character ( Payne, 2005 ) . However, the COS s positions lost relevancy to societal plants aims, within pattern and the bid of societal policy. Social works relationship with psychological science influenced theory, statute law and societal planning, ( Horner, 2009 ) . Whilst socio-economics and political relations structured and supported individualistic values prominent within theory, making legalization that gave societal work a cardinal function within public assistance. Renewed societal policies and reform, allowed the promotion of societal work methods and values, back uping the creative activity of public assistance. The important component that defined societal work from other signifiers of public assistance was its developing methods and its policy and theoretical aspirations and peculiarity, ( Payne, 2005, pp. 583-88 ) . Social plant was a station book to the new public assistance government, yet specifying its function. In the 1960s discontent and credibleness issues within psychological science and depth psychology shifted thought towards the societal concerns of service users, spliting support between psychological and societal theories. However, Florence Hollis acknowledged the many-sided demands of pattern, join forcesing societal scientific disciplines and casework making psychosocial theories, ( Healy, 2005 ) . Additionally, systems theory became outstanding in developing brief intercessions ; crisis intercession, task-centred casework and cognitive behavioral therapies, still implemented in the interpersonal and multidisciplinary contexts of modern-day societal work. However, criticised for avoiding long-run issues and doing societal exclusion. Wider societal factors developed the values base, underscoring the importance of power, inequality and societal justness yet traditional values did non see the wider structural and cultural context act uponing societal work intervention.. Reamer ( 2005 ) considered station war to be the Values Period , traditional societal work values underpinned interpersonal methods, embodied by Biestek s seven point scheme ( 1961 ) , ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) . The list attack , ( Timms 1983 cited in Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009, pp. 119-23 ) , of Biesek elaborate features, meaning a cosmopolitan lower limit for effectual pattern, normally sharing a regard for the single individual as a ego determined being ( Banks, 2006, p. 27 ) . To deny traditional values was unethical and oppressive holding negative effects yet conflicting values were non admiting. Individuality and self-government, enabled understanding and respect yet rejected shared societal norms, premises and stereotypes and the influence of structural power dealingss and societal establishments that identified the commonalty of groups and indicated inequality. Additionally, the public assistance province challenged societal work to travel from its individualistic beginning, advancing human rights within societal issues. Extremist societal work challenged social positions, placing societal inequality as a factor of poorness, created by societal concepts instead than personal features. ( Healy, 2005 ) . Extremist concerns re-alliterated category focused subjugation, identified during the colony motion, act uponing values and socio-economic disadvantage. Social work reflected feminist and anti-racist societal motions, integrating anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory values in pattern and societal policy. However, statute law intended to act upon inequality failed to place the causing of favoritism, yet, supported societal workers to dispute elements of societal control ( Thompson N. , 2006 ) . The extremist con instance pronunciamento ( 1975 ) emphasised structural, economic and political factors demoing the bounds of individualistic focal point, ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) . As societal work s specialized functions expanded execution became confused decreasing quality and co-ordination, yet societal public assistance needed a incorporate attack to services. ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) . The Seebohm Committee ( 1968 ) highlighted rigidness within pattern, resource restraints, freak out and unequal preparation and instruction. Yet, reacting with inclusiveness and cosmopolitan proviso, concentrating on the support and fusion of services, whilst, turn toing the ineffectualness of service application. The study wanted a community based household orientated service which was available to all ( Parsons, 2009. Feb 14 ( 1 ) ) , alining societal work within the cardinal dimension of the public assistance province. The Local Authority Social Services Bill ( 1970 ) implemented the Seebohm recommendations, societal service sections became accountable to local communities prioritizing their human rights and wellbeing, disputing the built-in stigmatising o f the hapless Torahs whilst back uping professional preparation within a generic and incorporate service. Seebohm saw societal work, public assistance, community and groups work as every bit valid and of import. Legislative models influenced the context of pattern and back uping considerable professional discretion exercised by the societal worker. ( Harris, 1998 ) . However, generic services overlooked clients specializer demands and professional strived to be specialist due to authorization and wage, the model argument of continues in modern-day pattern. In seeking to retain a sense of control over their pattern, many staff adopted an informal specializer function within purportedly generic construction Satyamurti 1981ascited in ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009, pp. 310-17 ) Reamer ( 2005 ) considered this the ethical theory and determination devising period ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009, pp. 122-25 ) of value development, based on philosopher Kant. Challenging the relevancy, importance and application of values, whilst, critically developing moral rules to advance behavior. Using individualistic values yet, admiting structural barriers making anti-oppressive pattern, holistic to the clients context and ego. The station Seebohm period provided societal work optimism and integrity, cardinal to policy reform and proviso, yet alteration continued. The new right political orientation incorporated extremist societal plants point of view, these critical positions were appropriated by rightist minds and became edifice blocks for the New Right s docket for societal work ( Harris, 2008, p. 271 ) . However, uncertainnesss over generic function and the co-ordination of incorporate services, coupled with negative media coverage of specific kid maltreatment incidences created concern. The elected Conservative authorities ( 1979 ) criticised the public assistance province s enlargement, morality, quality and cost represented by societal work, ( Harris, 2008 ) . The new right thesis was implemented in the Barclay study ( 1982 ) critically reexamining societal plants purpose, spread outing remit and effectual utilizations, in association with public assistance committednesss. Proposing suited funct ions and contexts ; the safety net attack focussed societal work on eligibility, distinguishing the deserving, welfare province attack mirrored station war public assistance public aid. However, the preferable community attack promoted interpersonal support webs, placing societal work proviso and back uping accomplishment instead than dependence. Social work lost its cardinal function in the new enterprises, traveling in-line with the new right. However, modernization and specialization replaced the community attack after the Community Care Reform, making separate kid, household and grownup services. ( Harris, 2008 ) Neo-liberalism and the general understanding on trades and services opened up the denationalization, the province ruled by administration, replacing hierarchy with partnership. Global mutuality enables partnership on the macro degree, nevertheless, act uponing or restraining authorities actions and policies, impacting local resources at the micro degree. The planetary pecuniary fund supports systems of denationalization, legalizing public assistance reform and set uping province authorization. Neo liberalism is the political response in a hazard society, concentrating on individualistic duty and emphasises societal inequality, backed by province socialism and a deficiency of options. ( Ferguson, Lavalette, A ; Whitmore, 2005 ) . However, societal work is planetary activity, the International Association of Schools of Social Work ( IASSW ) has been involved with the United Nations since 1947, instrumental in Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 ) . Globalization supports the exchange of theories, research and ends, motivating charities intercession at planetary times of crisis, subjugation and catastrophe. The International Federation of Social Works ( IFSW ) and the International Council on Social Welfare ( ICSW ) have formed planetary policies protecting the vulnerable. Yet, standardization without cultural context creates societal work as an oppressor with globalization as a accelerator of societal reform. Neo-liberal positions supported welfare modernization, turn toing economic concerns, modulating hazard and consumer driven markets, epitomised by marketization and managerialization. ( Harris, 2008, p. 673 ) Marketisation opened services to market forces, with local governments going commissioners of a assorted economic system of attention. The modernization docket promoted common appraisal models, multidisciplinary work and partnerships making a web society, integrating shared and conflicting values spread outing the cognition base. The province became an enabler of chance, taking barriers and rejecting cosmopolitan purposes. Though denationalization aimed to additions quality and scope of attention, it became a go-between between authorities, policy and societal demands, motivated by net income instead than public assistance. ( Adams, Domenelli, A ; Payne, 2009 ) Contracts enabled the control of resorts and outlooks compressing pattern New labor embodied the new right political orientation in contrast to its station war thoughts, modernization docket continued across parties with New Labour s 3rd manner doctrine . Perceived weaknesss in traditional direction created a new public direction underscoring concern ideals. Policy and political relations prioritised efficiency and effectivity as a response to modern society. Independent budgets changed clients to independent clients in a societal attention endeavor. Professional opinion was replaced with answerability, analysis and ordinance making an audit development, increased bureaucratism and compromising good pattern and values. Social policy supported and directed societal work nevertheless simplifying society s complexnesss making unintended effects underscoring hazard direction. Modernization has constrained and standardised pattern, adding direction of resources to societal work pattern. However, the Best values model ( 2000 ) ensures that cost and productive ness is non provided over quality. Yet, Labours Third manner was criticised for the mean of accomplishing instead than its purposes. Social alterations such as the impact of Globalisation, hazard engineerings and the growing of corporate Capitalism produce conditions of profound uncertainness which impact on moralss and political relations ( Webb, 2006, p. 201 ) ( CCETSW ) study outlined competency and outlooks of societal workers, organizing the foundation of the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) codifications of pattern and national occupational criterions. the GSCC societal work Regulatation began from The attention criterions attention act ( 2000 ) , portion of an intergrated system designed to keep service, instruction and professional quality ( Horner, 2009 ) supplying managerial supervising, modulating preparation and development and detailing outlooks, accomplishments and values required within societal policy and service related to modern-day societal work. ( Thompson N. , 2009 ) . GSCC ( 2005 ) produced revised frame work for instruction societal work making a protected and registered business implementing independent pattern criterions making answerability, back uping transparence and admiting unethical pattern with de-registration. However It is unrealistic to believe that a set of regulations and process will guarantee ethic al pattern ( Thompson N. , 2009 )

Free Essays on General Tyres

ON GENERAL TYRES & RUBBER CO. OF PAKISTAN PROJECT SUBMITTED BY: Qaiser Mehmood Mir Haroon Khalid Sheikh Asim Majeed Najeeb Mehmood Nauman Niaz Khan DATED: Wednesday, October 09, 2002 GENERAL TYRES & RUBBER COMPANY OF PAKISTAN(PVT) LTD. MARKET RESEARCH BASIC INTRODUCTORY FACTS General tyres was established in Pakistan in 1963 Continental A.G., a Germany based multinational is the holding company of General tyres in Pakistan, which has a 10 per cent equity stake in the General Tyre Pakistan and Biboji, the heirs of late General Habibullah having the single largest equity stake of 34 per cent. Other partners in the General Tyre are Pak-Kuwait, 27 per cent and National Investment Trust, 12 per cent Previous MD of the company was Dr. A.S. Mufti who has recently resigned The zone incharge for Rawalpindi is Mr. Rashid. General Tyres produces all range of tyres from 800cc cars to large size Hino Trucks. It is a fact that general tyre is the only tyre manufacturing company in Pakistan that produces the complete range of tyres for the Pakistani market Production plant is located at H/23/2, S.I.T.E, Landhi, Karachi PRODUCT CATEGORIES AND MARKET SHARE Passenger car tyres; e.g. Taxi, Hilux and other small vehicles including Suzuki, Toyota and Honda: Market share of 40% Light Truck tyres: Market share of 20% Agriculture Tyres: Market share of 60% Truck/Bus Tyres: Market share of 10% Out of the total production of General tyres, 80% consists of passenger cars tyres. Major brands include ST, XP2000, PJC, VSS, AWAMI SPRINT, DURAJET, JETAIR. MARKET OF GENERAL TYRES Public sector: Most Government organizations use general tyres in its vehicles and it constitutes a major share of General tyres’ business. These organizations include PTCL, Armed forces, OGDC etc. OEM(Original Equipment Manufa... Free Essays on General Tyres Free Essays on General Tyres ON GENERAL TYRES & RUBBER CO. OF PAKISTAN PROJECT SUBMITTED BY: Qaiser Mehmood Mir Haroon Khalid Sheikh Asim Majeed Najeeb Mehmood Nauman Niaz Khan DATED: Wednesday, October 09, 2002 GENERAL TYRES & RUBBER COMPANY OF PAKISTAN(PVT) LTD. MARKET RESEARCH BASIC INTRODUCTORY FACTS General tyres was established in Pakistan in 1963 Continental A.G., a Germany based multinational is the holding company of General tyres in Pakistan, which has a 10 per cent equity stake in the General Tyre Pakistan and Biboji, the heirs of late General Habibullah having the single largest equity stake of 34 per cent. Other partners in the General Tyre are Pak-Kuwait, 27 per cent and National Investment Trust, 12 per cent Previous MD of the company was Dr. A.S. Mufti who has recently resigned The zone incharge for Rawalpindi is Mr. Rashid. General Tyres produces all range of tyres from 800cc cars to large size Hino Trucks. It is a fact that general tyre is the only tyre manufacturing company in Pakistan that produces the complete range of tyres for the Pakistani market Production plant is located at H/23/2, S.I.T.E, Landhi, Karachi PRODUCT CATEGORIES AND MARKET SHARE Passenger car tyres; e.g. Taxi, Hilux and other small vehicles including Suzuki, Toyota and Honda: Market share of 40% Light Truck tyres: Market share of 20% Agriculture Tyres: Market share of 60% Truck/Bus Tyres: Market share of 10% Out of the total production of General tyres, 80% consists of passenger cars tyres. Major brands include ST, XP2000, PJC, VSS, AWAMI SPRINT, DURAJET, JETAIR. MARKET OF GENERAL TYRES Public sector: Most Government organizations use general tyres in its vehicles and it constitutes a major share of General tyres’ business. These organizations include PTCL, Armed forces, OGDC etc. OEM(Original Equipment Manufa...

Deforestation Essay

Deforestation Essay Deforestation Essay Deforestation Essay Tips on Writing The word deforestation became very population among the general public when the scientists pointed out to the fact that global humankind is cutting down too many trees. Thus, human actions and the rapid industrialization of the world lead to the enormous and mostly irreversible deforestation. If you have to write a deforestation essay, you have wealth of related topics to choose from. This article is written to serve as a guide for deforestation essay writing. Lets start with the short overview of the writing steps for a typical academic essay on the topic of deforestation. Stages of Writing of a Deforestation Essay You should choose a topic. The list of some appropriate topics is posted below. Make an outline. In addition, find some specific information on every point you have. For example, find some results of deforestation for the body part. You may start writing. Do not forget to include statistics and examples. Begin with the introduction and a thesis sentence and then proceed to discuss your problem according to the scheme you have made. The conclusion should restate the thesis sentence. Revise your essay and submit. That is all for the present. Topics You May Take for a Deforestation Essay You may discuss results of deforestation, which include the disappearance of some species, loss of some resources which are used for houses heating, destruction of plants which produce oxygen, and other problems associated with harmful outcomes of deforestation. Another point, which is interesting for discussion, is a prevention of deforestation and preventive steps to end the total destruction of nature. As topic for your deforestation essay, you may discuss the substitution of wooden materials used for heating by other materials. Find out what investigations were carried out in this sphere and how every person may decrease a harmful impact on nature. Elements to Use in Your Deforestation Essay Figures. The bare truth, which is not proved by some facts, will not make sufficient effect on your reader, so you are welcome to provide readers with some proofs of what you say or argue on. Statistics on how many trees were cut down several years ago and current figures may be appropriate. Names. In addition, state some information on organizations which have emerged to help the trees. Name some researchers in this sphere who struggle to prevent deforestation. State your opinion on their works. Information. Biosphere consists of several layers. The disappearance of one chain may lead to global catastrophe. Discuss this problem using deforestation as an example. What will happen to the Earth if all trees disappear one day? Health problems. Deforestation is related to the wellbeing of the animal world. However, humankind suffers from deforestation as well. Name what health problems may appear due to trees falling in towns, taking into account additional influence of harmful substances emission and other destructive factors on people. If you need essay of the highest quality read this post: If You Are For A Deforestation Essay, You Are In A Right Queue! Queue is a loud word, as our writer will start writing your deforestation essay at the very moment you fill in an order form and push the button Order. You will not be upset with our service, as your deadline, requirements to the topic, structure, and additional wishes will be met unquestioningly! You may address our writing service at any time, as we work 24. 7! Interesting posts: University Research Proposal Student Research Paper Science Research Paper Research Paper Topic Ideas Research Paper Proposal

The case study of Coca-Cola will be provided by file .pdf. Read

The of Coca-Cola will be provided by file .pdf. Read throught it and then answer 4 questions in there. After that, di - Case Study Example Moreover, by early 1985, Pepsi had managed to acquire 2% sales of the huge market that amounted to $960 million in retail sales. Therefore, this called for change of strategies by Coca-Cola and their option was to introduce a new product that offered the same feature like their competitors. In this case, they had to conduct a research in order to introduce new product to market. After the investigation, they identified that Pepsi was offering a product that had a sweeter taste and this contributed to a growth in the preference resulting to increased market share. Coca-Cola commenced a research project, whereby they spent two years and $4million prior to settling on a new formula. They conducted 200, 000 taste test on the final formula and a blind test, whose results were sixty percent of the consumers choosing the new formula over the old one. In fact, fifty-two percent of the customers choose it over Pepsi, and this was an indication that new coke would assist in dealing with the pr oblem of losing the market share to Pepsi. 2. ... Moreover, Coca-Cola should have focused on the conducting a marketing research considering these emotions. Furthermore, there was a poor judgment during interpretation of research planning strategies by the managers. The poor judgment occurred when they found sixty percent of consumers who preferred the new Coke taste and this led to an assumption that the new coke would be the solution to their problem. However, this did not view this assertion in the basis on the other 40% who were still royal the old Coke; thus, they ended up trampling with the tastes of the royal customers who were not willing to accommodate the change of the taste. Therefore, the company should have focus on introducing the new Coke as a brand expansion and leave the old Coke like what happened with Cherry Coke. Coca-Cola Company had an advanced marketing research operation and their strategies have made them to be at the top of the market. However, in this their market was not based on scientific theories that could have assisted in understanding the consumer behaviors. 3. Companies such as Coca-Cola often test new products in plain white paper cups with no brand names or other marketing information. What does this ‘blind’ testing really measure? Does applying these results to the ‘real’ world raise any issues? Bind testing is aimed at measuring the actual response of the customers to a certain feature of the product without the influence of the brand name or other marketing information. Therefore, the consumer is expected to review the product without the ideas of the manufactures in their minds and these reviews are applied in rating the new product that is yet to be introduced into the market. For instance, Coca-Cola was seeking to settle the new

Moral's in Modern Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral's in Modern Culture - Research Paper Example The end of this one man challenge would determine the victor, and those, who lost, would be subdued. The event is avidly described in 1 Samuel 17:41-58 where David approaches the battle line and upon exchanging a few words with Goliath, he hastens towards him, draws out his sling and a stone and with one swing, hits the giant on the forehead, stone sinks and he dies (â€Å"Bible Gateway passage,† n.d.-b). However, the text in 2 Samuel 21:18-22 is the primary source of contradiction. Verse 19 of the text states that a Jair’s son, Elhanan, killed the brother of Goliath. In the footnote of New International Version, it remarks that the original Hebrew text lacks the part â€Å"the brother ofâ€Å", which can then imply that the text originally read that Elhanan killed Goliath (â€Å"Bible Gateway passage,† n.d.-c). There may be a valid argument in that viewpoint, but the text in 1 Chronicles 20:4-8 can help clear the contradiction. The text in that excerpt briefly describes the same events described in 2 Samuel 21:18-22 but there are no footnotes indicating that the words â€Å"the brother of† was absent in the original text (â€Å"Bible Gateway passage,† n.d.-a). This impression is applied, therefore, in the interpretation of the verse in second Samuel. With such developments, it is pretty much clear that Elhanan killed Goliath’s brother, and not Goliath. The event of Goliath being slain is well described in the text 1st Samuel that is convincing enough that David killed Goliath. In the readings provided, there are two people presented to have killed Goliath. The first one is David; son of Jesse, the Bethlehemite and the second is Elhanan, son of a Bethlememite man, Jair. In the 1 Samuel 17:41-58 text, David is vividly described to have killed Goliath, with a clear demonstration of events that took place during that day. This writing, therefore, supports the fact that David killed Goliath way better than

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible Essay

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible - Essay Example According to Freud, the ego comes about during the infancy stage of human development and the goal of this aspect of mental development is to find satisfaction for the desires of the id but in a manner which is safe (Freud, 2010). While the id is mostly dominated by the instincts of the individual, the ego is dominated by reality and despite the fact that it works towards the fulfilment of the desires of the id, the ego can be said to be based on the control of these desires so that they do not get out of hand. The ego, therefore, functions not only in the unconscious level but also in the conscious level and this ensures that there is a balance between the two. The superego, on the other hand, develops during early childhood when the child comes to identify with the parent of the same sex, and this parent becomes the compass for the child’s moral development. It is the superego which is responsible for the development and upholding of moral values among individuals as a means of ensuring that they behave in a manner which is in accordance with the values and norms of the society. Moreover, it is responsible for the feelings of guilt which afflict individuals when they commit acts which go against the values of the society (Freud, 2013), and this enables them to correct their mistakes. According to Freud, there comes a time when there are conflicts between the id and the superego and when this occurs, it is normally the role of the ego to act as a mediator and to decide the best course of action that can be undertaken to solve the conflict. It is because of this that in some cases, the ego puts in place defence mechanisms which are designed to ensure that it is not overwhelmed by anxiety and this enables it to make the right decision about what to do.  It has been declared that the theories brought forth by Freud, while very good at providing explanations for behaviour, are not quite good at making predictions for the possible occurrence of such behavi our. It is for this reason that there has arisen a belief that Freud’s theories are not scientific because they can neither be proven false nor true. An example of such a scenario is the determination of what takes place in the unconscious mind because of the fact that this is something which cannot be tested or measured in an objective manner (Levin, 2010). It is because of this that it is believed that the theories propagated by Freud are neither scientific nor do they have objectivity. Because of the relatively few samples that he used, it has been declared that Freud’s studies and results were unrepresentative of the general population since he mainly made studies of himself, his patients and only one child. Since most of the studies consisted of his patients, mostly women of middle age.  

Joining and Fastening Processes (Manufacturing Engineering Processes) Term Paper

Joining and Fastening Processes (Manufacturing Engineering Processes) - Term Paper Example These engineering materials in their raw form are extracted from their ores. These raw materials from ores are transformed into molten form through refining and reducing processes. The molten material is process through molds to produce commercial or industrial castings called ingots. These ingots are then processed through rolling to transform these into billets, rods and slabs suitable for marketing. These materials then undergo various manufacturing processes to obtain useful products in diverse range of sizes, shapes and forms desired by end user. According to Singh, these manufacturing processes are classified into six major categories: primary shaping processes, secondary shaping processes, metal forming processes, joining and fastening processes, surface finishing processes and processes to change characteristics and properties of materials (17). In this report, we would be focusing on joining and fastening processes required to assemble or join different parts of a product. T he process where two or more parts of the product are put together to achieve desired shape and function is called assembly, not to be confused with joining and fastening processes. In joining, different parts of the product are joined together to obtained desired function. ... A unique advantage of this process is the focus of heat in welding area ensuring less spread of heat thus reducing welding defect like warping and buckling. In addition, this concentration of heat increases the depth of welding and increases the welding speed of the process. Arc welding process consists of a heat source, shielding and a filler metal. The heat is produced through the electrical arcing between the two metals under contact (Zeilke 4). The power source is referred to as welding machine which may be electrical or mechanical. Shielding gas, fluxes or coatings are used to prevent the welding area from surroundings during the welding process. Generally, arc welding is divided into ten main types called Carbon Arc Welding, Submerged Arc Welding, Stud Arc Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Electro-slag Welding, Plasma Arc Welding, Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Atomic Hydrogen Welding, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding and Electro-gas Welding. In Carbon Arc Welding, a pure graphite rod is us ed as non-consumable electrode to generate arc for producing heat. The welding can be made without or with introduction of filler metal. It can be further classified as single or twin carbon electrode welding. In Shielded Metal Arc Welding, a flux coated electrode is used to produce arc where the flux on the coated electrode fads off due to heat. In Submerged Arc Welding Process, a bare electrode is used as consumable electrode with flux feeder tube. The arc, electrode and molten pool remain submerged under granular flux to achieve homogenous welding across the structure. In Tungsten Arc Welding, a tungsten electrode as non-consumable electrode covered by shielding of an inert gas to prevent these from surroundings is used for welding.

Issues of Freedom and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues of Freedom and Power - Essay Example Economic freedom- Knights of labor Knights of labor, a major labor union during the 1860 hold a significant role in the evolution of economic rights in the United States. The formation of Knights of labor was the first efforts in the national labor organization because it was among the first labor unions to rally its members behind a goal. Nonetheless, the Knights of labor were a secret union characterized with less political pressure on its members. Uriah Stevens was the founder of the Knights of Labor, with many of his followers being Irish immigrant who were mainly Catholics. As a labor union, the Knights of labors enrolled members in various states to champion for improved rights of workers. Formed at a time when the United States repressed freedom of expression, the Knights of Labor worked in secrecy often recruiting its members using oaths and rituals. The main thrust of Knights of labor was to advocate for better economic reforms in their industries. At a time, when most of the immigrant received little pay and poor working conditions, the Knight of Labor became the ultimate vehicle to push for meaningful economic reforms. While the Knights of Labor avoided using industrial action, some of its members in states like Chicago were ready to strike. In 1886, about 80,000 people marched through Chicago supporting an eight-hour work shift. The long working hours were one of the main reasons that prompted the demonstration by members of Knight of Labor. This ignited confrontations between the Knights of Labor and the police who wanted to maintain law and order. In a social perspective, the Knight of Labor represented a growing awareness of rights among the workers. For instance, the call for an eight-hour work shift displayed a growing interest in social welfare among the workers.ii Most important, the meeting and demonstration among the workers guild indicated that rising level of social empowerment among the workers. Largely, the Knight of Labor has achieved many social gains because of its transformation from a secret labor to expressing its interest in various cities. Knight of Labor also championed for an end to child labor, a phenomenon that had characterized the American Labor environment. The political manifestation of 1960 would be incomplete without mention Knight of labor. Within the Knight Labor, there were some groups with interest to take control of the union. After leading a series of strikes, the government sentenced Albert Parson to death. This event made Lucy Parson seek ways of saving men that the government had convicted for deaths during strike. After visiting Europe in 1888, Lucy returned back American expressing new optimism in labor movements as she addressed workers and pressurized the state to create more projects in order to employ people. Political freedom (Progressivism- muckrakers and reform) The political freedom in the United States is a product of struggles that defined and helped create meaningful political reforms. With growing interest for political reforms, a group of Journalist joined hands to highlight on the wrongs of government through the literary works, which they published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening post McClure’

Future Technology - Free Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Technology - Free Energy - Research Paper Example The increase in human population has not only increased demand for commodities but has also mechanized production of most commodities such as eatables. Nowadays it is very common to find totally mechanized farms and factories. Thus it is obvious that the sector most affected by this phenomenon is the energy sectors. The high demand due to increase in population and increase in mechanization of human life has exerted very high strain on these non renewable resources of energy. The oil supply of the world is dwindling throughout. It is expected that humans would completely run out of this source of energy in a few more decades. This high demand for energy has created chaos in the modern world. There have been millions of lives lost in the war for oil and if the current crisis continues worse is yet to come. In this scenario the world has to find new sources of energy which can be distributed without cost to the entire world. Only such a massive source of energy can fulfill the current needs of energy and contain the crises that stems from it. The question thus arises that what could be such a source of energy which fulfills all needs of human race and that too without be expensive. The usual answer is nuclear energy. The perception that nuclear energy is totally free is very false. First of all uranium is the basic fuel used for nuclear power plants. This fuel like other non renewable resources is an element found from earth and is thus limited in supply. This limit also makes it one of the most expensive elements in the world. Nuclear energy can be every damaging due to disposal of nuclear waste. Thus we can say that environmental costs of nuclear energy are very high. The only feasible option is thus solar energy. This form of energy is the core energy which is behind the formation of life in the world. Everything that we see around us is because of solar energy. The crops use this energy to grow and also with the photosynthesis process

Issues of Freedom and Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues of Freedom and Power - Essay Example Economic freedom- Knights of labor Knights of labor, a major labor union during the 1860 hold a significant role in the evolution of economic rights in the United States. The formation of Knights of labor was the first efforts in the national labor organization because it was among the first labor unions to rally its members behind a goal. Nonetheless, the Knights of labor were a secret union characterized with less political pressure on its members. Uriah Stevens was the founder of the Knights of Labor, with many of his followers being Irish immigrant who were mainly Catholics. As a labor union, the Knights of labors enrolled members in various states to champion for improved rights of workers. Formed at a time when the United States repressed freedom of expression, the Knights of Labor worked in secrecy often recruiting its members using oaths and rituals. The main thrust of Knights of labor was to advocate for better economic reforms in their industries. At a time, when most of the immigrant received little pay and poor working conditions, the Knight of Labor became the ultimate vehicle to push for meaningful economic reforms. While the Knights of Labor avoided using industrial action, some of its members in states like Chicago were ready to strike. In 1886, about 80,000 people marched through Chicago supporting an eight-hour work shift. The long working hours were one of the main reasons that prompted the demonstration by members of Knight of Labor. This ignited confrontations between the Knights of Labor and the police who wanted to maintain law and order. In a social perspective, the Knight of Labor represented a growing awareness of rights among the workers. For instance, the call for an eight-hour work shift displayed a growing interest in social welfare among the workers.ii Most important, the meeting and demonstration among the workers guild indicated that rising level of social empowerment among the workers. Largely, the Knight of Labor has achieved many social gains because of its transformation from a secret labor to expressing its interest in various cities. Knight of Labor also championed for an end to child labor, a phenomenon that had characterized the American Labor environment. The political manifestation of 1960 would be incomplete without mention Knight of labor. Within the Knight Labor, there were some groups with interest to take control of the union. After leading a series of strikes, the government sentenced Albert Parson to death. This event made Lucy Parson seek ways of saving men that the government had convicted for deaths during strike. After visiting Europe in 1888, Lucy returned back American expressing new optimism in labor movements as she addressed workers and pressurized the state to create more projects in order to employ people. Political freedom (Progressivism- muckrakers and reform) The political freedom in the United States is a product of struggles that defined and helped create meaningful political reforms. With growing interest for political reforms, a group of Journalist joined hands to highlight on the wrongs of government through the literary works, which they published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening post McClure’

Human Computer Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Computer Interaction - Essay Example HCI has evolved as a concept that facilitates taking into consideration the different needs of the users. The users can effectively interact with the computer systems through a platform that is known to be HCI. However the importance of HCI is widespread and encompasses wide array of elements. The first improvement of the concept is that it helps to gain market share. In general context individuals always prefer to use only those items that have higher usability. For instance it can be supported by an example of Google, this search engine is world famous and has largest market share across the globe (Deustsch, 2013).The reason behind this is the search engine has higher efficiency and can be easily used by individuals. HCI is even important as it helps to improve productivity. For instance such an interaction helps employees working in a firm to perform better and faster. The Intranet facilities help in increasing the overall efficiency of employees (Pulz, 2013).The importance of HCI can also be witnessed in the form of lowering support costs. If a product cannot be used properly then enormous calls are made by customers to customer service department. However the higher usability rate due to HCI helps in reducing these forms of cost that is associated with support services. HCI even helps in reducing the development costs as it avoid such features that are complex and cannot be used easily by the users. Speech recognition is considered to be an effective tool for HCI or Human Computer Interaction. Speech recognition is one of the fields of computer science that is associated with designing such a structure which helps in recognizing words that are spoken. It is such an application that enables a computer to clearly identify those words that are spoken by a person either through a telephone or microphone (Brodkin, 2012).Speech recognition can also be classified as a process that converts acoustic signal coming from a telephone or microphone to a group of

How you act affects what grade you get Essay Example for Free

How you act affects what grade you get Essay The Impact of Student Behavior on Student Learning is an important subject. There are varying issues that affect student behavior, and a students ability to learn and perform efficiently. This paper will discuss some of the behaviors that are commonly demonstrated when students face one of the most common symptoms; stress. It will also cover how stress, a symptom of student behavior can affect student learning. Student behavior can be categorized two different ways. A determining factor is if the behavior is negative or positive. These behaviors can be overt or covert and can play a big part in determining a student grade in a particular class. Students demonstrating poor behavior have a tendency to get lower grades. Poor behavior, which is a symptom of stress, can be linked to lack of sleep. According to The Franklin Institute Online, â€Å"Disrupting routines and interrupting sleep-all have a cumulative effect on your brain, especially its ability to remember and learn† (Franklin, 2004). The brain is a precious organism and if it is stressed it will not perform to capacity. Stress can cause ones behavior to fluctuate in a manner that can be destructive to productivity. If a student’s behavior fluctuates and causes them to react poorly in a class room setting they may not be able to retain the information needed to qualify for the grades necessary to complete their degree (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). According to the Webster online dictionary, the definition of behavior is â€Å"the manner of conducting oneself; anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation† (Webster, 2011). Human beings have the capability to conduct themselves in a manner that may or may not help their capacity for learning. The wrong type of stimulation can alter the student’s ability to perform simple tasks that under normal circumstances would be easy for the student to perform. The behavior displayed by students affects the outcome of the amount of information the student retains. The more information a student can retain the better the grades that student is likely to receive. By definition, behavior is ‘the manner in which one conducts oneself’, and cannot be measured as good or bad because it is a matter of opinion (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). Behaviors can be changed or altered to fit the mood of the person. â€Å"The term stress is short for distress, a word evolved from Latin that means to draw or pull apart. The Romans even used the term ‘districtia’ to describe a being torn asunder (Franklin, 2004). To be torn from your normal routine of good study habits, exams, and team work would be understandable in the case of a stressed student. Since the student has limited, or no control over the stressors in their life; they cannot always be held responsible for their behavior. A behavior can be harmful to the outcome of a situation but does not have to mean that the person with the behavior is bad or good (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). In the same since that negative and positive behavior don’t equate to bad or good. Negative behavior is any behavior that harms the student’s learning ability (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). An example would be a student that shows signs of stress. That student may be edgy or not seem like a team player. The student may grasp the main concepts during class but not seem to put the effort forth to get good grades where tests are involved. This student may understand concepts and be able to explain to others with ease how they work. This student may also miss deadlines, or not post assignments on time. This negative behavior is harmful to the student, but due to stress the student is not able to control the negative behavior. The student may not be aware of the way their behavior is disrupting their school life and will not recognize the affect on their grades (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). â€Å"Overt behaviors are more open and observable and would include students talking during class, using their cellular phones, or eating or drinking noisily. Covert behaviors are more passive and include sleeping during class, arriving to class late, leaving class early, or generally acting bored and disengaged.† (Seidman, 2005) Demonstration of these behaviors may be done together or separately. A student can demonstrate just covert behavior and still seem defiant. Both covert and overt behaviors can be a sign of stress. The student who demonstrates these behaviors may not recognize that they are being a distraction to the class or to themselves. They can also attribute to poor or no study habits. Both behaviors can cause problems for the student because they can hinder the student’s ability to perform in a class setting. For example: A student can understand the concepts in a course but have trouble staying awake during class and miss important notes or assignment deadlines. When this student post an assignment too late to receive full credit their grade is affected. The student has shown signs of overt behavior but did not intend to be seen as disruptive. Often students have no idea that the outcome of their behavior can lead to poor grades. Some students are able to correct their poor grades with good grades by a change in their behavior. The symptom that will show in lieu of stress would be happiness or a since of calm. Students who demonstrate negative behavior will have a hard time retaining information or keeping up with their courses. Students with positive behavior will have a better chance of retaining the maximum amount of information possible. Positive behavior helps the student to create an environment within themselves that is conducive to learning (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). Students who are stress free in mind, body, and soul are free to work at full capacity to achieve their academic goals. When a student feels comfortable with their surroundings and is freed from worrying about the outside world, the student will have a higher level of concentration on school work as all other distractions have been managed or eliminated. They will be able to focus their energy on studying , and processing the information studied. (K. White, personal communication, June 29, 2011). Behaviors can be changed or altered with help of others. Most schools have an academic advisor who is able to handle student issues. They may not be able to completely assist in matters of home life but may have some good suggestions and or referrals that may help the student get back on track. A change in student behavior for the good can impact student learning in a positive way. â€Å"Bear in mind that an appropriate stress response is a healthy and necessary part of life. It improves mood. Problems feel more like challenges, which encourages creative thinking that stimulates your brain to grow new connections within it.† (Franklin, 2004). In conclusion, student behavior can be a symptom of underlying issues that can affect student learning for different reasons and in many different ways. Poor behavior, which is a symptom of stress, can be linked to lack of sleep. The wrong type of stimulation can alter the student’s ability to perform simple task that under normal circumstances would be easy for the student to perform. Since the student has limited to no control over the stress in their life they cannot always be held responsible for their behavior. The student may not be aware of the way their behavior is disrupting their school life and will not recognize the affect on their grades. A happy, content students mind, body, and soul are free to work at full capacity to achieve the goal of good paper writing, testing, and team work. Both behaviors can cause problems for the student because they can hinder the student’s ability to perform in a class setting. Some students are able to correct their poor grades with good grades by a change in their behavior. A change in student behavior for the good can impact student learning in a positive way. References The Franklin Institute Online. Retrieved on June 29, 2011 at 7:47 PM from Web stream at http://www.fi.edu/learn/brain/stress.html#how The Learning Killer: Disruptive Student Behavior in the Classroom. Journal article by Alan Seidman; Reading Improvement, Vol. 42, 2005 Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved on June 29, 2011 at 3:43 PM from website http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behavior, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated

Letter to President Jackson :: writing letters

Dear President Jackson,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir, I have been meaning to write to you recently. I am truly devoted to your beliefs on how to treat our growing nation. Currently, I am a Senator for the State of NJ, and I feel strongly confident that you will lead us to a stronger and better nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason that I have felt the urge to write this letter to you persists to the formation of your spoils system. I am writing this letter to compliment you on your great accomplishment. Your spoils system gives many â€Å"common people† a spot in the national government. Along with you, I believe that this system is more democratic, and it fits our country just right. As you may already know, there have been many critic reviews posing against this system of yours. They believe that many qualified men aren’t getting a fair chance in the government. To reassure you, I believe that you are advancing with the necessary steps needed, and you will prevail amongst our people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Jackson, I would also like to state that I thoroughly agree with this statement of yours, which pronounces, â€Å"The duties of all public officers are†¦so plain and simple that men of intelligence may readily qualify themselves for their performance.† This statement has led me to ask you this question, â€Å"If you like to reward only common people spots in the government, why have kept Van Buren?† If it is possible, please reply to this question and your letter. Besides the question mentioned above, I would like to compliment you once again for a job well done for our democracy.

Contrasting Responsibility in Carvers Fever and Baldwins Sonnys B

What allows a human being to constantly face-up to the responsibilities of life? What makes a mother or father continue to clothe, feed, and pick up their child from school? What makes a person wake up every morning to go to a job he or she hates, come home, and begin the whole process the following morning? Is it "responsibility" that makes a person do what they have to do, or rather is it fearing the consequence? Truthfully, this would depend on the situation. Parents would most likely fulfill their responsibility towards their child or children because of love; but a person who hates his or her job probably continues to do it fearing the consequence of unemployment. In the end, one realizes that despite all the responsibilities a person has, the choice to execute it is ultimately left to the individual. Two short stories that examine the theme of responsibility are "Sonny's Blues" by James Baldwin and "Fever" by Raymond Carver. In "Sonny's Blues", the narrator's elderly mother tells him to never allow anything bad to happen to his younger brother, Sonny. Although Sonny's injurious decisions result in both brothers distancing themselves from each other, the older brother finds it within himself to love his brother and do everything he can do to take care of him. In "Fever", the other short story, the narrator's wife, Eileen, abandons her life as a wife and mother of two children to pursue a career as an artist with another man. This sudden abandonment of all maternal responsibilities without reservation characterizes her as a free-flowing "artiste" that pursues her desires without regarding the impact it might have on others. Both of these short stories show how people approach the issue of familial responsibility. An init... ... what we're supposed to get out of this life..." one realizes that she has put her ambitions and desires above her family and paid no heed to her familial responsibility. Abraham Lincoln once said, "You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today" (www.quotationspage.com). Ironically, one actually can. The narrator in "Sonny's Blues" chose to care for Sonny and accept his responsibility as an older brother. On the other hand, Eileen in "Fever" chose a different path by leaving her family and pursuing her own ambitions. Conclusively, one realizes that despite all the responsibilities a person has, the element of choice determines what happens. Works Cited Carver, Raymond. "Fever" The Harper Anthology of Fiction: Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues" in Vintage Baldwin. New York: Vintage, 2004.

Crucible: Grudges vs the Salem Witch Trials Essay

Have you and your friends ever done something you were no permitted to do and then wanted to keep it a secret? So you all did whatever yo had to do to keep from letting that secret from getting exposed, even if you ended up lying and it spiral out of control? A great example of this is in The Crucible,several people know the entire truth but chose to keep it a secret. The people of Salem, the puritans display grudges and rivalries that collide with their religious beliefs into this mass hysteria known as what i the Salem Witch Trials. Sparks first start to fly when he towns minister, Rev. Parris begins with a grudge with the girls. He walks through the woods late at night and sees the girls dancing around a cauldron that is simmering on an open fire with his slave tituba. At first he does not know what to think. However the next day that follows with his daughter Betty not being able wake from her sleep. This has him questioning all the girls on what they did the night before , especially his niece, Abigail Williams. Word spreads about the questioning which gets the town worried. This is where the first cry of witch craft is heard. Now with grudges there are sometimes rivalries, a good rivalry in The Crucible is between Abigail Williams and the other girls. All of them are in the vestry , the room attached to the church for meetings. Mary Warren, John Proctors servant girl , is trying to tell the judges that she has been lying all along and that Abigail is the one the to blame. She claims that she is with God now and can no longer lie. However , Abigail Williams has other plans , with the fear she puts in the girls she knows she can get them to agree with her and have the judges thinking that Mary is lying. So with that in mind Abigail pretends that she sees a bird in the rafters that is coming to get her and scratch her face off . She calls it Mary Warrens spirit. The judges think that its true so Mary , like every one else in Salem is questioned and Abigail gets what she wants. Usually when we want something and we know its going to be hard to get we negotiate, that is exactly what happens in the last grudge Between Rev. Parris and his slave, Tituba. Being treated the way she is already is makes Tiuba already have enmity for Rev. Parris. Once Rev Parris find out that Tituba was the one conjuring spirits in the forest that night when he found the girls he begins to punish her. This is where Tituba negotiates , now as silly as this sounds she negotiates with her self. She knows that she could confess and serve jail time or not confess and hang. So she decides to tell Rev. Parris, she falsely confess to trafficking with the devil , saying that he urged her to kill Rev. Parris. Thinking this may be true the people of Salem start thinking that the devil may be lose in Salem working his evil through others as well. Now will all the grudges we see what happens when several people who know the whole story choose to keep it a secret make something so small turn in to something so big due to peoples personal grudges and rivalries. From Rev. Parris first questioning the girls to the girls all using their powers in court to manipulate people . To finally the choice of life or death for Rev. Parris’s slave Tituba.

Rationale Scheme of Work Essay

The rationale for my scheme of work (see appendix 1) is to meet both the learners’ needs and the curriculum requirements. Edexcel is the awarding body who supply the syllabus which gives the framework for delivery and assessment of the subject matter. The Edexcel ITQ Level 2 Certificate curriculum requirements will be met by learners completing practical work-related tasks. They will learn by completing projects and assignments that are based on realistic workplace situations, activities and demands. The content and structure are the most obvious features of any Scheme of Work, since it is the whole syllabus of what is going to be delivered, how it is going to be delivered and when it will be delivered, therefore I have used a logical format according to Gray (2005) the teacher has the ultimate responsibility to organise & sequence the course as a whole, so that the direction is clear from lesson to lesson. According to Gray (2005) the Aims, Objectives and Methods are a fundamental part to the planning of lessons, however also stipulates that they are necessary for the construction of the Scheme of Work. It is important that my scheme of works conveys a balance of learning objectives, such as behavioural, cognitive, affective or personal growth. Another aspect that needs to be taken into account in designing a scheme of work is the structure. I will start off with easier topics and build up to more difficult ones and at the same time, show a relationship between the topics building in revision to aid the learning process, Bruner (1966) called this the spiral curriculum. Therefore I have organised my scheme of work in a spiral manner so that the learner continually builds upon what they have already learned. The subject for my observed session is â€Å"Presentation Software†, This unit is about the skills and knowledge required by an IT user to select and use a wide range of intermediate presentation software tools and techniques effectively to produce presentations which include a combination of media (e.g. images, animation and sound) for education, entertainment or information sharing) and are at times non-routine or unfamiliar. I will set out the Aims and Objectives of the session plan (see appendix 2) to meet the specific curriculum requirements of the Presentation module (see appendix 3). To meet the aims and needs of individual learners the session will allow learners’ use their skills for real purposes and achieve success as a result  of using their skills effectively. I will introduce the session by communicating the Aims and Objectives to learners both verbally and by showing them on a PowerPoint slide, I will Incorporate discussion strategies into this section as this can help learners enhance their speaking and listening skills. Reece & Walker (2006) suggests that the negotiating process should be modelled in five stages. The first is preparing for negotiation which is being aware of what the student needs to achieve, the second stage consist of the first session with the learner where a good rapport needs to be made with the learner. Then follows the contract part where actual SMART targets are agreed. These I will incorporate into the Aims and Objectives. The last two stages are the monitoring learning which will carry out during the session by assessing the learners’ through discussion. Question and answer and observation. The final review which can be a discussion of a formal assessment. I will recap previous sessions as according to Knox (1977) effective adult learning entails an active search for meaning in which new tasks are somehow related to earlier activities. Prior learning experiences have the potential to enhance or interfere with new learning. The recap will be in the form of a quiz, where  Reece & Walker (2006) explains how we may be using words that create barriers in learning. We must avoid using male dominated language for example words like craftsman should be changed to craft worker and manpower should be replaced with workforce and also using ‘they’ instead of ‘him/her’. Petty (2009) focuses on this along with the role of a teacher not to discriminate against race and ethnicity and the promoting the use of multiculturalism in their particular the subject area. †¢ Integrate learning by linking knowledge within and between the functional areas. †¢ Spend time planning and developing their work. †¢ Make choices, think creatively and act independently. Expert teachers generally are comfortable with a wide range of instructional strategies, and they vary them skillfully with the nature of the learning task and learners’ needs (Berliner, 1986). Tomlinson, Carol Ann. Differentiated Classroom : Responding to the Needs of All Learners. Alexandria, VA, USA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 1999. p 61. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/staffordshire/Doc?id=10115178&ppg=68 Copyright  © 1999. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development. All rights reserved. Independent practice that allows students to extend skills or knowledge on their own â€Å"Differentiation is the process whereby teachers meet the need for progress through the curriculum by selecting appropriate teaching methods to match the individual student’s learning strategies within a group situation.† J.Visser, Differentiation and the Curriculum, University of Birmingham, 1993 Why differentiate? Every learner is an individual and has his or her own specific learning needs. Each will be influenced by previous experiences including cultural influences. Differentiation involves the art of giving each of these individuals an equal opportunity to achieve and engage in the learning process. This is why the Further Education National Training Organisation standards 1 state that teachers and trainers should:  · â€Å"select appropriate teaching techniques to accommodate the different ways individuals learnÍ ¾  · use a variety of teaching methods to meet the needs of groups and individuals, and to provide an environment in which all learners have the opportunity to experience success.† Effective adult learning entails an active search for meaning in which new tasks are somehow related to earlier activities. Prior learning experiences  have the potential to enhance or interfere with new learning. (Knox, 1977 as quoted in Brookfield, 1986). Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given). Bruner (1973) Bruner, J. (1966). Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bruner, J. (1973). Going Beyond the Information Given. New York: Norton. (Knox, 1977 as quoted in Brookfield, 1986). Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).